Alessandro farnese titian biography

He arrived on 14 January, and was back in France by 4 February. He returned to Rome on 1 March Inhe accompanied the troops sent by the pope to the aid of Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League. InCardinal Alessandro Farnese took into his service as his private secretary Annibale Carothe noted poet and prose stylist. The Farnese had spent more than fifteen years developing their dukedom, and Cardinal Alessandro's father had been assassinated in the struggle with the Gonzaga and the Emperor Charles over it.

Alessandro farnese titian biography: Alessandro Farnese (5 October

Julius was toying with explosive material. The Farnese had a complete breach in relations with the Pope, and Alessandro was immediately unwelcome in Rome. Pope Julius sequestrated his diocese of Monreale, and confiscated all of the moveables in the Palazzo Farnese, said to have been worth 30, scudi. Duke Ottavio's duchy was sequestered.

Unfortunately, Cardinal Farnese's brother Orazio was killed in battle on 18 Julyleaving no heirs. The dukedoms went to their younger brother Ottavio Farnese. Farnese had been in France, when on 6 June he was appointed by Henri II to go to Rome and take charge of French affairs in the absence of Cardinal d'Este, who was in Parma—over the objections of Cardinal du Bellay, who did not appreciate being supplanted.

He took up residence in Avignon. He had been in Avignon, serving as Legate and avoiding the unwelcome attention of the Pope. But, on the news of the death of Pope Julius, he took the road for Rome. He did not arrive, however, until after the middle of the month of April. Cardinal Louis de Guise-Lorraine, also travelling from France, arrived on the 21st.

In fact, only two French cardinals were in Rome, thereby giving the Imperial faction a great advantage. This was a matter of annoyance for the French, for King Henri had extracted from Pope Julius III, through negotiations carried on by Cardinals Georges d' Armagnac, Alessandro Farnese, and Jean du Bellay, a bull which allowed an extra 15 days before a Conclave began, in order to allow cardinals who had to travel a long distance the French to reach Rome.

The bull was completely ignored by the Cardinals already in Rome, and only the Novendiales were observed. In accordance with older instructions direct from Henri II, the French faction was supporting Cardinal d'Este, then the Cardinal de Tournon who was not present at the Conclaveand then Cardinal du Bellay. Pole, however, was strongly opposed by the French in ignorance of the letters which Farnese was carryingand by Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa, the Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals and principal Inquisitor of the Roman Inquisition, who regarded Pole and a number of other cardinals as Protestant heretics.

D'Este was not electable Sir John Masone, the English agent wrote: "Marry, we hear of no quality to set him forward but that he is rich. Some of the cleverer cardinals, led by Carafa and Madruzzi of Trent, realized that, when all the opinions were factored in, there were very few electable cardinals, the best of whom was Cardinal Marcello Cervini.

Unfortunately, Cervini was disliked by the Emperor. But the genuine reformers, who wanted the resumption of the Council of Trentworked with Carafa and Madruzzi to produce a two-thirds majority. When Farnese finally arrived from Avignon in mid-April, he was no alessandro farnese titian biography delighted to find his grandfather's secretary, Cardinal Marcello Cervini, on the throne of Peter.

Unfortunately, on the morning of the 18th, Pope Marcellus II showed symptoms of a fever and in the night between 30 April and 1 May, he died. The second Conclave of opened on 15 May, with the same cardinals as in April, but with the addition of eight late arrivals. The leading candidate seemed to be Cardinal Carafa, the Inquisitor, but he was told to his face by the Imperial Ambassador that the Emperor Charles V did not want him as Pope.

Pole also seemed to have French support, but there was an influential group, led by Carafa, Carpi, and Alvarez all professional Inquisitorswho openly questioned the orthodoxy of Pole and of Morone. The French Ambassador, Jean d' Avanson, informed King Henri that his favorite candidate, Cardinal d'Este, was being opposed vigorously by the Imperial faction, and that he could not win, thanks to a "virtual veto" that is, the withholding of votes for a candidate by more than one-third of the voters ; the Emperor even expressed fears that d'Este might try to bribe himself into the papacy.

D'Avanson also had to break the news that Cardinal du Bellay, out of personal ambition, had broken ranks and would support Cardinal Carafa. In the voting, the Imperial candidate, Cardinal Carpi, seemed to be moving forward, until the French faction and the cardinals created by Julius III of which there were fifteen at the Conclave combined to put him out of the running.

Once it was clear that nobody in the French faction was going to succeed, Cardinal Farnese and Cardinal d'Este decided to throw their support to Cardinal Carafa. The Imperial faction was so frightened at what Pope Carafa might do in trying to get Naples out of the hands of the Emperor that they sent Cardinals Corner and Ricci to Alessandro Farnese to beg him to alessandro farnese titian biography Carafa and accept their votes for himself.

But Farnese was not so foolish as to believe that he could be successful without the endorsement either of the Emperor or of the King of France—and he had neither. He did not respond to the offer. The supporters of Carafa finally numbered more than the two-thirds needed for election, but the Imperialists who were caucusing in the Hall of the Secret Consistory refused to come to the Chapel and carry out the electoral process.

It was Farnese who, using both blandishments and threats, managed to get the Imperialists to give in and assemble with the rest of the cardinals in the Cappella Paolina. He had been the co-founder of the Theatine Orderand was a promoter of reform in the Church. He was no humanisthowever, and preferred the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas.

He was also a vigorous opponent of Protestantismand anything that favored it. He saw heretics everywhere, even inside the College of Cardinals, and as an Inquisitor he showed no scruple or mercy for those who were tainted.

Alessandro farnese titian biography: Titian Biography It depicts the

Showing all of the traditional prejudices against the Jewsand especially against converted Jews, he issued a bull on 14 JulyCum nimis absurdumcreating the Jewish Ghetto of Rome. He ruled until his death on 18 Augustor rather his nephew, Cardinal Carlo Carafa, did. When the Florentine Ambassador, Bongiano Gianfiliazzi, had attempted to have an audience with Paul IV to enlighten him about his corrupt nephews, the door was slammed in his face by Cardinal Carafa.

Obviously, there was no room in the Curia for the advice of Cardinal Farnese. There was considerable danger to Farnese properties because of Paul IV's anti-imperial policy. It was in that Cardinal Farnese commissioned Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola to take in hand the half-completed fortress at Caprarola and turn it into a country villa. Even when half completed, inCardinal Alessandro commissioned Taddeo Zuccari and his workshop to decorate the rooms on the lower floor.

The Stanza della solitudine was decorated by the same artists between andin accordance with a design created by Onufrio Panvinio. Cardinal Farnese retired to Parma in the meantimewhere he stayed with his brother, Duke Ottavio. That alliance did not take place. Nonetheless, Cardinal Alessandro's influence in Rome was considerable. Carafa was elected, and began dealing with real or imagined enemies.

First Ascanio della Corgna came under suspicion.

Alessandro farnese titian biography: Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese is

He was general of the papal cavalry, and was actually suspected of being loyal to the Emperor. Paul IV had him sent to the Castel S. Angelo, along with his brother, Cardinal della Corgna 27 July The charge against the cardinal that brought him to the Castel S. Angelo was that he had attempted to open communications with Philip II of Spain. The pressure of Spanish victories in Lombardy and Tuscany, however, forced their release.

Then it was the turn of Cardinal Moronea man of tested prudence and familiar with Germany. He therefore arrived in Rome too late for the April Conclave. In the second Conclave, a month later, both Pole and Morone were Imperial candidates, but Cardinal Carafa a candidate himself loudly voiced his suspicions that both were heretics.

Suddenly, on 31 MayMorone was arrested by the Pope's nephew and Secretary of State personally. The Pope intends summoning all the Cardinals to Rome, that they as a college may judge Morone. The cardinals wanted a Congregation be held at which explanations would be demanded. Paul IV took the initiative and held a Congregation at which he presided, telling the cardinals that it was not politics but the honor of God that was involved.

The process against Morone would be carried out by the members of the Inquisition. Twenty-one charges were levelled at him.

Alessandro farnese titian biography: A patron of scholars

On 12 JuneMorone was interrogated in the Castel S. Morone remained in the Castel S. On 23 OctoberHenri struck against Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, issuing letters patent by which he confiscated all of the benefices of the Cardinal which he still enjoyed in France. The Abbeys of St. In the document, Henri complained of the Cardinal and his brothers taking the part of the King of Spain.

The total loss for the Cardinal alone amounted to more than One of those was the Governorship of Tivoli, which also went to Cardinal d'Este. Another was the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which was granted away only twenty days after the end of the Conclave. A new and brighter day dawned. Farnese could only effectively directly influence four or five of the votes, and so had to work in alliance with another group - allying himself with the cardinals created by Paul IV and who were being led by his nephew, Cardinal Carlo Carafa.

The Pope was a friend of his, and he was able to avoid the unpleasantries of international affairs, as he built a circle of friends in the College of Cardinals and in the Roman Curia. Lorenzo in Damaso, a post he held for less than a month. He distanced himself from the horrors surrounding the fall of the Carafa nephews in Pius was not a healthy man, and his anticipated demise gave Farnese and others time to plan.

The French, at this time Catherine de' Medicihaving learned nothing from orstill offered their support to Cardinal Ippolito d'Este. He was in fact very active alessandro farnese titian biography the scenes. He wanted a pope who would make him Duke of Tuscanyand would validate his control over Siena, and he had already picked out Cardinal Ghislieri.

He did not arrive in time though. He commissioned the masterpiece of Giulio Clovio, arguably the last major illuminated manuscript, the Farnese Hours, which was completed in after being nine years in the making now Morgan Library, New York. InFarnese acquired a northern portion of Palatine hill in Rome and had Roman ruins from the time of Tiberius at the northwest end filled in, and converted to a summer home and formal gardens.

The Farnese Gardens became one of the first botanical gardens in Europe. From these gardens are derived the names of Acacia farnesiana and from its floral essence, the important biochemical farnesol. Read more about this topic: Alessandro Farnese cardinal. He appointed Alessandro as cardinal against accusations of nepotism, fathered a number of illegitimate children, and spent large sums of church money collecting art and antiquities.

Around Charles took the political and military advantage, weakening Paul's hold on the papacy. Aware of the changing tides of influence, Titian abandoned the commission before completion,[2] and for the next years the painting languished unframed in a Farnese cellar. Although unfinished and less technically accomplished than his Portrait of Pope Paul III of a few years earlier, it is renowned for its rich colouring; the deep reds of the tablecloth and the almost spectral whites of Paul's gown.

The panel contains subtle indications of the contradictions in the character of the Pope, and captures the complex psychological dynamic between the three men. Contact About Privacy. Alexander VI. Igumen Timofey. Benedictus VI.