Kujtime by enver hoxha biography for kids

Gombrich E. James E. Lockhart E. Hoffmann E. Hayek F. Meyer F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Meyro G. Berridge G. Tomas M. Martin George S. Guerber H. Armstrong H. Penner Hans J. Henry D. Mayo Herbert L. Ballard J. Roberts J. Delaney J. Fallmerayer J. Tolkien J. Ritter von Xylander J. Rodolfo Wilcock J. His rule was marked by suppression of dissent, strict censorship, and a focus on ideological purity.

Albania became one of the most isolated and repressive countries in the world under his leadership. In his later years, Evner Hoxha faced health issues including heart problems and diabetes. He passed away on April 11,due to complications from respiratory and cardiac issues.

Kujtime by enver hoxha biography for kids: Original old book during Communism te

The original home was lost to a fire in the s. Bunkers in Albania built during Hoxha's rule to avert the possibility of external invasions. Article 47 of the Albanian Criminal Code stated that to "escape outside the state, as well as refusal to return to the Fatherland by a person who has been sent to serve or has been permitted temporarily to go outside the state" was an act of treasona crime punishable by a minimum sentence of ten years and a maximum sentence of death.

Albania, the only predominantly Muslim country in Europe at that time, largely owing to Turkish influence in the region, had not, like the Ottoman Empireidentified religion with ethnicity. Hoxha believed that this division of Albanian society along religious and ethnic lines was a serious issue, because it fueled Greek separatists in southern Albania in particular and it also divided the nation in general.

The Agrarian Reform Law of confiscated much of the church's property in the country. Catholics were the earliest religious community to be targeted because the Vatican was considered an agent of Fascism and anti-Communism. In the Jesuit Order was banned and the Franciscans were banned in Decree No. Mother Teresaa Catholic nun whose relatives resided in Albania during Hoxha's rule, was denied a chance to see them because she was considered a dangerous agent of the Vatican.

Despite multiple requests and despite the fact that many countries made requests on her behalf, she was not granted the opportunity to see her mother and sister. Both Mother Teresa's mother and sister died during Hoxha's rule, and the nun herself was only able to visit Albania five years after the Communist regime collapsed. The Party focused on atheist education in schools.

This tactic was effective, primarily as a result of the high birthrate policy which was encouraged after the war.

Kujtime by enver hoxha biography for kids: This paper focuses on

During periods which are considered "holy periods" by religious people, such as Lent and Ramadanmany foods and non-water beverages were distributed in schools and factories, and religious people who refused to eat those foods and drink those beverages when they were offered to them during their "fasting times" were denounced. Starting on 6 Februarythe Party began to promote secularism in place of Abrahamic religions.

Hoxha, who had launched a "Cultural and Ideological Revolution" after being partially inspired by China's Cultural Revolutionencouraged communist students and workers to use more forceful tactics in order to discourage people from continuing their religious practices, but the use of violence was initially condemned. According to Hoxha, the surge in anti-theist activities began with the youth.

Kujtime by enver hoxha biography for kids: Blendi Fevziu's Enver Hoxha provides a

The result of this "spontaneous, unprovoked movement" was the demolition or conversion of all 2, churches and mosques in Albania. State atheism became official policy, and Albania was declared the world's first atheist state. Town and city names which echoed Abrahamic religious themes were abandoned for neutral secular ones, as well as personal names.

ByHoxha stated in a speech in that "Religion is a fuel kindling fires of all evils". During this period religiously based names were also made illegal. The Dictionary of People's Namespublished incontained 3, approved, secular names. The promotion of religion was banned and all clerics were labeled reactionaries and outlawed. Those religious figures who refused to embrace the principles of Marxism—Leninism were either arrested or carried on their activities in hiding.

During the anti-religious campaign, Enver Hoxha declared that "the only religion of Albania is Albanianism", a quotation from the poem O moj Shqiperi "O Albania" by the 19th-century Albanian writer Pashko Vasa. Efforts were focused on an Illyrian -Albanian continuity issue. An Illyrian origin of the Albanians kujtime by enver hoxha biography for kids denying Pelasgian roots continued to play a significant role in Albanian nationalism, resulting in a revival of given names supposedly of "Illyrian" origin, at the expense of given names associated with Christianity.

At first, Albanian nationalist writers opted for the Pelasgians as the forefathers of the Albanians, but as this form of nationalism flourished in Albania under Enver Hoxha, the Pelasgians became a secondary element to the Illyrian theory of Albanian origins, which could claim some support in scholarship. The Illyrian descent theory soon became one of the pillars of Albanian nationalism, especially because it could provide some evidence of continuity of an Albanian presence both in Kosovo and Southern Albania, i.

Under the government of Enver Hoxha, an autochthonous ethnogenesis was promoted and physical anthropologists tried to demonstrate that Albanians were different from any other Indo-European populations, a theory now disproved. They claimed that the Illyrians were the most ancient people in the Balkans and greatly extended the age of the Illyrian language.

Hoxha and his government were also hostile to Western popular culture as it was manifested in the mass mediaalong with the consumerism and cultural liberalism which were associated with it. Hoxha sentenced Balluku and a group of his accused associates to death and appointed Mehmet Shehu as Minister of Defence. According to Hoxha, "The old Constitution was the Constitution of the building of the foundations of socialism, whereas the new Constitution will be the Constitution of the complete construction of a socialist society.

Self-reliance was now stressed more than ever. Citizens were encouraged to train in the use of weapons, and this activity was also taught in schools. The purpose of this training was to encourage the creation of quick partisans. Borrowing and foreign investment were banned under Article 26 of the Constitution, which read: "The granting of concessions to, and the creation of foreign economic and financial companies and other institutions or ones formed jointly with bourgeois and revisionist capitalist monopolies and states as well as obtaining credits from them are prohibited in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.

During this period, Albania was the most isolated country in Europe. InHoxha ordered the execution of several party and government officials in a new purge. Hoxha also wrote a large assortment of books during this period, resulting in over 65 volumes of collected works, condensed into six volumes of selected works. InHoxha suffered a heart attack from which he never fully recovered.

In increasingly precarious health from the late s onward, he turned most state functions over to Ramiz Alia. In his final days, he was confined to a wheelchair and suffered from diabeteswith which he was diagnosed inalong with cerebral ischemia, with which he was diagnosed in On 9 Aprilhe was struck by a ventricular fibrillation. Over the next 48 hours, he suffered repeated episodes of this arrhythmia, and he died in the early morning hours of 11 April at the age of The Albanian government announced seven days of mourning with flags flown at half-mast and entertainment and cultural events cancelled.

Hoxha's body lay in state at the building of the Presidium of the People's Assembly for three days before he was buried on 15 April after a memorial service on Skanderbeg Square. The government refused to accept any foreign delegations during Hoxha's funeral and it even condemned the Soviet message of condolences as "unacceptable".

After his burial, Hoxha was succeeded as head of state by Ramiz Aliawho gained control of the party's leadership two days later. Hoxha left Albania with a legacy of isolation and fear of the outside world. Despite some economic progress which Albania made during Hoxha's rule, the country was in economic stagnation ; Albania had been the poorest European country throughout much of the Cold War period.

The surname Hoxha is the Albanian variant of Hodja from Turkish : hocaa title given to his ancestors due to their efforts to teach Albanians about Islam. Sali Berishaa later democratic president of Albania, was often seen socialising with Sokol Hoxha and other close relatives of leading communist figures in Albania. Hoxha's daughter, Pranvera, is an architect.

Some sources have referred to the edifice, said to be the most expensive ever constructed in Albanian history, as the "Enver Hoxha Mausoleum", though this was not an official appellation. The museum opened inthree years after her father's death, and in was transformed into a conference centre and exhibition venue renamed Pyramid of Tirana.

The Mustafa Band was a gang connected to counter-revolutionary elements such as the Albanian mafia and members of the royal House of Zogu, and in attempted to assassinate Enver Hoxha. The plan failed and two of its members were killed and another one was arrested. According to Hoxha, documents from long-time prime minister Mehmet Shehu's vault were found after his death in pertaining to orders by Yugoslav intelligence to poison him and assume the leadership of the country.

Kochi Dzodze a year later for alleged pro-Yugoslav activities. Finding his brand of communism increasingly isolated in Europe following new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's repudiation of Stalin's excesses inHoxha in aligned Albania with Chinasevering relations with Moscow the following year. Inat the height of Chinese leader Mao Zedong 's "Cultural Revolution", Hoxha procaimed Albania the world's first atheist state.

Mao's death in and the defeat of the left in China's subsequent inner-party struggle led to Albania's retreat into political isolation, as relations between the two countries cooled in -